Intelligence Over Centuries

V. Balachandran was a high-level national intelligence collector, adjudicator, analyst, and policy adviser to the Government of India between 1976 and 1995.On retirement he undertook deep studies for 26 years on global systems of intelligence, its successes, and failures and how such agencies had helped or impaired the governance and the lives of citizens in various countries. Examined in this book are the history and working of the systems in India, Britain, United States, Canada, South Africa, and Israel as well as in former “hegemonic” systems like KGB-Stasi and KGB-China. Also discussed are specific subjects such as covert operations, intelligence liaison, major spies, and terrorism.

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